Pelbagai Jenis Kabel Gentian Optik: Gambaran Keseluruhan Lengkap (Spesifikasi, Piawaian & Aplikasi)

2026-01-09
Jadual Kandungan

 kabel gentian optik membentuk asas rangkaian komunikasi berkelajuan tinggi moden, membolehkan penghantaran data jarak jauh dengan kehilangan minimum dan imuniti kuat terhadap gangguan elektromagnet. Di bawah ialah gambaran keseluruhan berstruktur jenis kabel utama, butiran teknikalnya, piawaian yang berkenaan dan kes penggunaan dunia sebenar - semuanya sejajar dengan amalan industri semasa.

 

1. Gentian Mod Tunggal (SMF)

 

SMF direka untuk komunikasi jarak jauh, lebar jalur tinggi, membenarkan hanya satu mod cahaya bergerak melalui teras yang sempit.

 

Parameter
Spesifikasi
Diameter teras
8 - 10 µm
Diameter Pelapisan
125 µm
Sumber cahaya
Diod laser (1310 nm atau 1550 nm)
Jarak Maksimum
Sehingga 100 km +
Lebar jalur
Tidak terhad secara berkesan (julat Tbps)
Warna Jaket
Kuning
Piawaian Biasa
OS1 (dalaman), OS2 (tiub luar / longgar)

 

Permohonan:

 

Rangkaian tulang belakang telekomunikasi

Kabel bawah laut

Infrastruktur ISP jarak jauh

Pemasangan FTTH (Serat ke Rumah).

Nota: OS2 ialah standard semasa untuk kegunaan luar dan jarak jauh, menawarkan pengecilan yang lebih rendah daripada OS1.

 Pelbagai Jenis Kabel Gentian Optik: Gambaran Keseluruhan Lengkap (Spesifikasi, Piawaian & Aplikasi)(figure1)

2. Gentian Berbilang Mod (MMF)

 

MMF menyokong pelbagai mod cahaya dan sesuai untuk jarak yang lebih pendek, biasanya menggunakan transceiver kos rendah. Ia dikelaskan oleh gred OM (Multimode Optik).

 

Jenis
Saiz Teras
Warna Jaket
Jarak Maks (10 Gbps)
Sumber cahaya
Lebar Jalur (MHz · km)
Standard
OM1
62.5 µm
Oren
33 m
LED
200IEEE 802.3
OM2
50 µm
Oren
82 m
LED
500IEEE 802.3
OM3
50 µm
Aqua
300 m
VCSEL
2000TIA-492AAAD
OM4
50 µm
Aqua
550 m
VCSEL
4700TIA-492AAAD
OM5
50 µm
Hijau Limau
150 m (SWDM)
VCSEL
4700TIA-492AAAE

 

Permohonan:

 

Pautan pelayan-ke-suis pusat data

LAN kampus dan perusahaan

Rangkaian kawasan storan berkelajuan tinggi (SAN)

Nota: OM3 dan OM4 digunakan secara meluas dalam pusat data moden. OM5 menyokong pemultipleksan pembahagian panjang gelombang pendek (SWDM) untuk peningkatan 40 / 100 / 400 Gbps pada masa hadapan.

 Pelbagai Jenis Kabel Gentian Optik: Gambaran Keseluruhan Lengkap (Spesifikasi, Piawaian & Aplikasi)(figure2)

3. Pembinaan Kabel & Piawaian Utama

 

Semua kabel gentian mengikut reka bentuk struktur standard dan penanda aras prestasi:

Teras / Pelapisan / Salutan:

Teras: Kaca silika ketulenan tinggi (menghantar cahaya)

Pelapisan: Silika indeks biasan yang lebih rendah (membolehkan jumlah pantulan dalaman)

Salutan: Lapisan akrilat (perlindungan mekanikal)

 

Piawaian Utama:

 

TIA-568-C: Piawaian kabel premis Amerika Utara (meliputi prestasi gentian, kekutuban dan penyambung)

IEC / ISO 11801: Setara antarabangsa, diterima pakai secara meluas di Eropah dan Asia

ITU-T G.652. D: Spesifikasi SMF biasa (puncak air rendah, dioptimumkan untuk 1550 nm)

Nota: TIA-568 telah dikemas kini untuk memasukkan LAN optik pasif (PON) dan peraturan kekutuban penyambung tatasusunan.

 

4. Jenis Serat Khusus

 

gentian optik plastik (POF)

 

Bahan: Terutamanya PMMA atau polimer berfluorinasi (cth., CYTOP)

Diameter Teras: 0.5-1 mm (lebih besar daripada gentian kaca)

 

Pengecilan:

 

Indeks langkah POF: 120-200 dB / km pada 650 nm

GI-POF indeks gred: 56-70 dB / km pada 850 nm

Lebar Jalur: Sehingga 10 GHz · km untuk GI-POF; menyokong 1-10 Gbps melebihi 100 m

Sumber Cahaya: LED Merah (650 nm) atau VCSEL (850 nm)

Kelebihan Utama: Fleksibel, tahan hentaman, mudah dipasang, kos efektif untuk jangkauan singkat

 

Permohonan:

 

infotainmen automotif dan rangkaian ADAS

Automasi industri (PROFIBUS, robotik)

Endoskopi perubatan dan penderia boleh pakai

Sistem AV pengguna, sambungan rumah pintar

Kegunaan baru muncul: tekstil fotonik, backhaul sel kecil 5G

 

5. Teknologi Gentian Baru Muncul

 

Jenis gentian berikut berada di bawah penyelidikan dan pembangunan aktif untuk kegunaan khusus:

 

Jenis Gentian
Nama Penuh
Ciri Utama
Aplikasi Utama
Status
PCF
Gentian Kristal Fotonik
Pelapisan mikrostruktur dengan lubang udara
Optik tak linear, penjanaan superkontinum
Peringkat makmal / prototaip
HCF
Gentian Teras Berongga
Cahaya bergerak dalam teras udara
Kependaman ultra rendah, penghantaran laser berkuasa tinggi
Percubaan komersial awal
MCF
Gentian Berbilang Teras
Pelbagai teras dalam satu pelapisan
Pemultipleksan pembahagian ruang dalam pusat data
Penempatan juruterbang

 

Gentian ini belum meluas secara komersial kerana kos yang tinggi, kerumitan penyambungan dan kekurangan penyeragaman.

 

6. Garis Panduan Pemilihan

 

Pilih gentian berdasarkan jarak, lebar jalur, persekitaran dan belanjawan:

 

Guna Kotak
Jenis Serat yang Disyorkan
Rasional
Pautan jarak jauh / bawah laut
OS2 Gentian Mod Tunggal
Pengecilan terendah, kapasiti tertinggi, jangkauan 100 + km
Tulang belakang / daun pusat data
Gentian Berbilang Mod OM4 atau OM5
Menyokong 40 / 100 / 400 Gbps pada jarak dekat

 

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